![]() ![]() Wernicke's aphasia: this area 'forms' the speech before 'sending it' to Broca’s area. PITS (Parietal-Inferior, Temporal-Superior) Temporal lobes lesions Homonymous quadrantanopias Optokinetic nystagmus is a nystagmus that occurs in response to a rotation movement. Gerstmann's syndrome (lesion of dominant parietal): Alexia (inability to read), acalculia, finger agnosia and right-left disorientation unilateral impairment of optokinetic nystagmus. Sensory inattention (contralateral hemihypesthesia) apraxias astereognosis (tactile agnosia) inferior homonymous quadrantanopia Neglect mild hemiparesis parietal ataxia Acalculia (inability to perform mental arithmetic). Parietal lobes lesions Speech is non-fluent, laboured, and halting Disinhibition Perseveration Anosmia primitive reflexes (positive grasp, pout and palmomental reflexes) inability to generate a list Changes in personality. clonidine (alpha2 adrenoceptor agonist) is used to counteract this withdrawal effect by decreasing adrenergic neurotransmission from the locus coeruleusīrain lesions The following neurological disorders/features may allow localisation of a brain lesion:ĭifficulties with task sequencing and executive skills Expressive (Broca's) aphasia: located on the posterior aspect of the frontal lobe, in the inferior frontal gyrus. opiate withdrawal increased activity of the locus coeruleus withdrawal symptoms. In opiate withdrawal: Opioids inhibit the firing of neurons in the locus coeruleus. Melanin granules inside the neurons contribute to its blue colour. Norepinephrine also released from the adrenal medulla. the principal site for brain synthesis of norepinephrine (noradrenaline). Nucleus locus coeruleus located in the pons involved with the physiological responses to stress and panic. specifically receives: Taste information from the facial nerve (anterior 2/3 of the tongue), glossopharyngeal nerve (posterior 1/3) and vagus nerve (small area on the epiglottis) general visceral sensory inputs from the chemoreceptors in the carotid body (via glossopharyngeal nerve) and aortic body (via vagus nerve) and baroreceptors in the carotid sinus (via glossopharyngeal nerve) general visceral sensory inputs from mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors located in the heart, lungs and gastrointestinal tract (via vagus nerve). involved in the reflexes initiated through the vagus or glossopharyngeal nerves (e.g., carotid sinus reflex, gag reflex, etc.). Solitary nucleus embedded in the medulla oblongata, purely sensory nuclei receives inputs from cranial nerves: facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X). nucleus ambiguous gives rise to fibres of the glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), and accessory (XI) nerves. Cranial nerve nucleus All the nuclei except that of the trochlear nerve (CN IV) supply nerves of the same side of the body. metencephalon (pons, cerebellum and intermediate part of fourth ventricle), and Isthmus rhombencephalon. Hindbrain comprises: myelencephalon (medulla oblongata and lower part of the fourth ventricle) medulla oblongata opens into the fourth ventricle. Right jugular foramen lesion: palatal weakness and swallowing difficulties (IX/X), shoulder and sternocleidomastoid weakness (due to accessory nerve (XI) involvement. Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Vagus nerve (X) Accessory nerve (XI) Posterior meningeal artery Ascending pharyngeal artery Inferior petrosal sinus Sigmoid sinus Internal jugular vein Zygomatic nerve and infraorbital nerve of maxillary nerve (V2) Orbital branches of pterygopalatine ganglion ![]() Inferior ophthalmic veins Infraorbital artery Infraorbital vein Oculomotor nerve (III) Trochlear nerve (IV) lacrimal, frontal and nasociliary branches of ophthalmic nerve (V: V1) Abducent nerve (VI) Superior ophthalmic vein Inferior ophthalmic vein Below is a brief summary of the major foramina: Foramen Neurology Foramina of the skull Questions asking about foramina of the skull have come up in the exam in previous years. Yousif Abdallah HamadĬontains: 1/ Passmedicine 2017 2/ On examination 2017 3/ Pastest 2017 4/ Red fonts -> previous exams 5/ Other updated UK sources Notes & Notes For MRCP part 1 & 11 By Dr. The contents Section Neurology Endocrinology Cardiology Respiratory Gastroenterology Renal Rheumatology Haematology Infectious Minor Dermatology Ophthalmology Psychiatry Basicsīiochemistry and metabolism Immunology Genetics Statistics Pharmacology Always Remember (The Devil is in the Details) ![]()
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